Medicare spends more on post-hospital care for seniors than private insurance — needlessly
Changes to Medicare’s post-hospital payment structure, to bring it closer to that used by private insurers, might save money, Health Affairs says.
Picture a woman in her 60s in the hospital after a heart attack or a hip replacement. As her hospital stay nears its end, her care team prepares her for the next step in her recovery, which might include time in a nursing home or rehabilitation facility, care at home or regular therapy appointments.
But a new study reveals that if the patient has traditional Medicare coverage, her post-hospital care will probably cost far more than it would have for an identical patient with private insurance.
And despite the difference in cost, both patients have about the same clinical ending — as measured in their odds of ending up back in the hospital again.
The new findings, made by a University of Michigan team, suggest that the Medicare system spends far more than it probably needs to on post-hospital care. That spending is about $60 billion a year.
The researchers say changes to Medicare’s post-hospital care payment structure, to bring it closer to that used by private insurance, might save taxpayer dollars while still giving patients the care they need to recover and avoid a repeat hospital stay.
As elected officials and presidential candidates put forth proposals to expand Medicare, the new study also offers insight into a major source of potential cost if any of those proposals become law. It also shows the importance of developing guidelines to help clinicians choose appropriate post-hospital options for each patient.
WHAT’S THE IMPACT
The new analysis, published in the September issue of the journal Health Affairs, used four years’ worth of data from more than 25,000 patients across Michigan whose hospitals take part in a statewide effort called the Michigan Value Collaborative.
Funded by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, MVC pools data from patients who have different forms of insurance and finds ways to improve quality and value.
The study, funded by the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute on Aging, focuses on MVC data from people in their 60s. It included people below and above age 65 — the age of Medicare eligibility — who have either traditional Medicare coverage or BCBSM plans called PPOs, which cover about 20 percent of all Michigan residents.
The researchers used statistical techniques that allowed them to make apples-to-apples comparisons of post-hospital care use and costs between the two groups.
The research focused on the use and the cost of post-hospital care received at home, in skilled nursing facilities and at inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation facilities. It included those hospitalized for six common reasons: heart attack, heart failure, cardiac bypass surgery, stroke, hip replacement and colon surgery.
For almost every condition and every form of post-hospital care, there was significantly more spending for Medicare patients than privately insured patients. Post-hospital spending was more than double for hip replacement patients covered by Medicare than for privately insured patients. It was two-thirds more for Medicare participants who had had heart bypass surgery.
Yet the differences in the percentage of patients who received any post-hospital care were relatively small. Instead, the largest differences were in the amount of spending among those who were prescribed care after hospitalization.
And despite this excess spending, the two groups had similar rates of readmission to the hospital within 90 days of leaving — a measure of how well a patient’s recovery has gone.
Which means that while providers are making similar post-care clinical decisions for both sets of patients, Medicare is more permissive in terms of the volume of services delivered — and therefore costs. The exception to the rule was stroke, in which spending was similar between the two groups.
WHAT ELSE YOU SHOULD KNOW
The authors point out that Medicare covers post-hospital care provided within time-defined windows, while private insurance often sets coverage by day of overnight stay or outpatient or home visit. Private plans, working with the employers that pay for them, can set limits on exactly what they’ll cover, or set co-pays to try to keep patients from using less-needed services.
They also note that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, which oversees the Medicare system, has started to work to incentivize more judicious use of post-acute care in Medicare through the introduction of alternative payment models.
For instance, it has established bundled payment programs that pay hospitals a set amount for the entire range of care that a hip or knee replacement patient needs, including post-hospital care. And Accountable Care Organizations are financially rewarded — and sometimes penalized — based on the total cost of care in and out of the hospital for the traditional Medicare patients who see the ACO’s participating physicians.
THE LARGER TREND
The findings come as Medicare becomes something of a hot topic in presidential politics.
To date, several Democrats — Kamala Harris, Cory Booker, Bernie Sanders, Kirsten Gillebrand, Julián Castro, Elizabeth Warren and Andrew Yang, among others — have declared support for a Medicare-For-All arrangement, which would expand Medicare eligibility to include nearly all Americans. Other candidates support the idea of adding a public option to the existing ACA.
